Method and system for reducing signal interference

ABSTRACT

Signals propagating on an aggressor communication channel can cause interference in a victim communication channel. A sensor coupled to the aggressor channel can obtain a sample of the aggressor signal. The sensor can be integrated with or embedded in a system, such as a flex circuit or a circuit board, that comprises the aggressor channel. The sensor can comprise a dedicated conductor or circuit trace that is near an aggressor conductor, a victim conductor, or an EM field associated with the interference. An interference compensation circuit can receive the sample from the sensor. The interference compensation circuit can have at least two operational modes of operation. In the first mode, the circuit can actively generate or output a compensation signal that cancels, corrects, or suppresses the interference. The second mode can be a standby, idle, power-saving, passive, or sleep mode.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/302,896, filed Dec. 14, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No.7,522,883 in the name of Gebara et al. and entitled “Method and Systemfor Reducing Signal Interference”; this application claims the benefitof priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/635,817,entitled “Electromagnetic Interference Wireless Canceller,” filed onDec. 14, 2004 in the name of Gebara et al.; this application furtherclaims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/689,467, entitled “Automatic Gain and Phase Control for anInterference Cancellation Device,” filed on Jun. 10, 2005 in the name ofKim et al.; this application further claims the benefit of priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/696,905, entitled“Control Loop for Active Noise Canceller in Wireless CommunicationSystem,” filed on Jul. 6, 2005 in the name of Schmukler et al.; thisapplication further claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/719,055, entitled “Method and System forEmbedded Detection of Electromagnetic Interference,” filed on Sep. 21,2005 in the name of Stelliga et al.; this application further claims thebenefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/720,324, entitled “Method and System for Reducing Power Consumptionin an Interference Cancellation Device of a Wireless System,” filed onSep. 23, 2005 in the name of Stelliga et al.

The entire contents of each of the above listed priority documents arehereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of communications, and morespecifically to improving signal fidelity in a communication system bycompensating for interference that occurs between two or morecommunication channels.

BACKGROUND

Electro-Magnetic Interference (“EMI”) is a major concern in wirelesscommunication systems. These systems transmit and receiveelectro-magnetic (“EM”) signals to communicate data. Examples of suchsystems include mobile phones, wireless data networks (e.g. networksconforming to IEEE standards 802.11a/b/g/n), and global positionsystems/sensors (“GPSs”). EMI can become a problem when high-speedcircuitry is routed in close proximity to a radio receiver. Inparticular, a high-speed signal can cause the emission of EMI, and whensuch a signal is routed in close proximity to a radio receiver, thereceiver can undesirably receive the interference along with theintended received radio signal, termed the “victim” signal. The signalthat imposes the interference can be termed the “aggressor” or“aggressing” signal. Thus, EMI often degrades the signal fidelity of thevictim signal and impairs the quality of the radio reception. Exemplarysources of interference sources can include, among others, a high-speedbus carrying data from a processor to a high-resolution display and ahigh-speed bus carrying data from a camera imaging sensor to aprocessor.

As an example, FIG. 1 illustrates the interference phenomenon in amobile phone system 100 (along with a solution discussed below, in theform of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention), where ageneral/global system for mobile communications (“GSM”) radio receiver105 can be aggressed by one or more interference sources. Specifically,FIG. 1 illustrates two such exemplary EMI sources 110, 120, eachemitting and/or receiving interference 150. One EMI source is ahigh-speed bus 120 carrying data from a digital signal processing(“DSP”) chip 135 to a high-resolution display 140. The other EMI sourceis a high-speed bus 110 carrying data from a camera imaging sensor 145to the DSP chip 135. The camera imaging sensor 145 could comprise lensescoupled to a charge coupled device (“CCD”), for example.

Increasing the data rate or bandwidth of each lane, conductor, orchannel of the display and camera busses 110, 120 is often desirable.This desire may be motivated by (i) a need to support higherdisplay/camera resolution, which entails faster throughput commensuratewith increasing the number of image pixels and/or, (ii) a desire toreduce the number of data lanes in the bus 110, 120, thereby involvingan increase in the data rate on the remaining lanes to support theexisting aggregate throughput. Thus, improvements in the display 140 orcamera system 145 (e.g. higher resolution or condensed communicationbus) can degrade the performance of the radio receiver 105 in the mobilephone system 100.

Furthermore, it may be desired to improve the radio reception of mobilephones, such as cellular phones, with existing display/camera and bustechnologies, i.e. to facilitate reception of weak radio signals. Inother words, improving reception of low-power signals or noisy signalsprovides another motivation to reduce or to otherwise addressinterference 150 or crosstalk. A weak radio signal might have lessintensity than the noise level of the EMI 150, for example. Thus, it isdesired to reduce the EMI 150 to facilitate reception of weaker radiosignals or to enable operating a mobile phone or other radio in a noisyenvironment.

High-speed busses 110, 120 emitting, carrying, providing, imposing,and/or receiving interference can take multiple forms. For instance, inthe mobile phone application described above, the bus 120 carrying thedisplay data is often embodied as a “flex cable” which is sometimesreferred to as a “flex circuit” or a “ribbon cable.” A flex cabletypically comprises a plurality of conductive traces or channels(typically copper conductors) embedded, laminated, or printed on in aflexible molding structure such as a plastic or polymer film or someother dielectric or insulating material.

FIG. 2 illustrates several flex cables 200 any of which could comprisethe data busses 110, 120 inside a mobile phone or another electronicdevice. (As discussed in more detail below, those flex cables 200 can beadapted to comprise an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.)The high-speed buses 110, 120 may also take the form of a plurality ofconductive traces routed on a rigid dielectric substrate or material,such as circuit traces printed on, deposited on, embedded in, oradhering to a circuit board (“PCB”).

EMI 150 can also become problematic when two or more radio services areoperated on the same handset. In this situation, the transmitted signalfor a first radio service may interfere with the received signal for asecond radio service. Such interference can occur even when two or moreservices utilize different frequency bands as a result of (i) thetransmitted power of the first signal being significantly larger thanthe received power of the second signal and/or (ii) limited orinsufficient suppression of sidebands in practical radioimplementations. Consequently, a small fraction of the first,transmitted signal can leak into the second, received signal asinterference.

A third source of EMI 150 can be circuits or circuit elements located inclose proximity to a victim channel or radio. Like the signals on thehigh-speed buses 110, 120, signals flowing through a circuit or circuitcomponent can emit EMI 150. Representative examples of circuit elementsthat can emit a problematic level of EMI 150 include voltage controlledoscillators (“VCOs”), phased-lock loops (“PLLs”), amplifiers, and otheractive or passive circuit components (not an exhaustive list).

One technique for actively addressing signal interference involvessampling the aggressor signal and processing the acquired sample togenerate an emulation of the interference, in the form of a simulated oremulated interference signal. A canceller circuit subtracts the emulatedinterference signal from the received victim signal (corrupted by theinterference) to yield a compensated or corrected signal with reducedinterference.

Conventional technologies for obtaining a representative sample of theaggressor signal, or of the interference itself, are frequentlyinadequate. Sampling distortion or error can lead to a diminished matchbetween the interference and the emulation of the interference. Onetechnique for obtaining a sample of the aggressor signal is to directlytap the aggressor line. However, the resulting loss of power on thetransmitted aggressor line is detrimental in many applications, such asin hand-held radios, cell phones, or handset applications. Directlytapping into the aggressor line can also adversely impact systemmodularity.

The interference sampling system should usually be situated in closeproximity to the source or sources of interference. This configurationhelps the sampling system sample the interference signals while avoidingsampling the radio signal. Inadvertent sampling of the radio signalcould result in the canceller circuit removing the victim radio signalfrom the compensated signal, thereby degrading the compensated signal.In other words, conventional technologies for obtaining an interferencesample often impose awkward or unwieldy constraints on the location ofthe sampling elements.

For handset applications, the sampling system should be compatible withthe handset architecture and its compact configuration. Radio handsets,such as mobile phones, typically contain numerous components that designengineers may struggle to integrate together using conventionaltechnologies. Strict placement requirements of conventional interferencesampling systems frequently increase system design complexity. In otherwords, conventional interference sampling systems often fail to offer anadequate level of design flexibility as a result of positioningconstraints.

Another shortcoming of most conventional technologies for active EMIcancellation involves inadequate management of power consumption. Anactive EMI cancellation system may consume an undesirably high level ofelectrical power that can shorten battery life in handset applications.That is, EMI cancellation technology, when applied in a cellulartelephone or another portable device, often draws too much electricityfrom the battery or consumes too much energy from whatever source ofenergy that the portable device uses. Consumers typically view extendedbattery life as a desirable feature for a portable wirelesscommunication product. Thus, reducing power consumption to extend usagetime between battery recharges is often an engineering goal, mandate, ormaxim.

To address these representative deficiencies in the art, what is neededis an improved capability for addressing, correcting, or cancelingsignal interference in communication systems. A need also exists for acompact system for sampling an aggressor signal and/or associatedinterference in a communication system, such as a cellular device. Afurther need exists for an interference sampling system that affords anengineer design modularity and/or flexibility. Yet another need existsfor a system that reduces or suppresses signal interference whilemanaging power consumption. A capability addressing one or more of theseneeds would support operating compact communication systems at high datarates and/or with improved signal fidelity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention supports compensating for signal interference,such as EMI or crosstalk, occurring between two or more communicationchannels or between two or more communication elements in acommunication system. Compensating for interference can improve signalquality or enhance communication bandwidth or information carryingcapability.

A communication signal transmitted on one communication channel cancouple an unwanted interference signal onto a second communicationchannel and interfere with communication signals transmitting on thatsecond channel. Either channel or each of the channels can comprise atransmission line, an electrical conductor or waveguide, a bus, a mediumthat provides a signal path, or an active or passive circuit elementsuch as a filter, oscillator, diode, or amplifier (not an exhaustivelist). Thus, a channel can be a GSM device, a processor, a detector, asource, a diode, a circuit trace, or a DSP chip, to name a fewpossibilities.

In addition to occurring between two channels, the interference effectcan couple between and among three or more communication channels, witheach channel imposing interference on two or more channels and receivinginterference from two or more channels. A single physical medium, suchas a single segment of wire, can provide a transmission medium for twoor more channels, each communicating digital or analog information.Alternatively, each channel can have a dedicated transmission medium.For example, a circuit board or flex cable can have multiple conductorsin the form of circuit traces, in which each trace provides a distinctcommunication channel.

In one aspect of the present invention, a sensor can be disposed in theproximity of one or both channels to obtain a sample or representationof the interference and/or the aggressor signal that produced, induced,generated, or otherwise caused the interference. The sensor can comprisea sensing or sampling channel that obtains the sample. As an aggressorchannel transmits communication signals, such as digital data or analoginformation, producing interference on a victim channel, the sensingchannel can sample the aggressing communication signals and/or theinterference. The sensing channel can be, for example, a conductordedicated to obtaining a representation of the aggressing signal or theinterference. Such a sensing conductor can be near a conductor carryingaggressing signals, near a conductor carrying victim signals, or in anEM field associated with the aggressing channel and/or the victimchannel. The sensing conductor can be physically separated from theaggressing conductor while coupling to the aggressing conductor via aninductive field, a magnetic field, an electrical field, and/or an EMfield. That is, the sensing conductor can obtain a sample of theaggressor signal without necessarily physically contacting or directlytouching the aggressor conductor, for example.

In another aspect of the present invention, a circuit that cancels,corrects, or compensates for or otherwise address communicationinterference can have at least two modes of operation. The interferencecompensation circuit could be coupled to the sensor, for example. In thefirst mode, the interference compensation circuit can generate, produce,or provide a signal that, when applied to a communication signal,reduces interference associated with that communication signal. In thesecond mode, the interference compensation circuit can refrain fromproducing or outputting the interference correction signal. The secondmode can be viewed as a standby, idle, passive, sleep, or power-savingmode. Operating the interference compensation circuit in the second modecan offer a reduced level of power consumption.

The discussion of addressing interference presented in this summary isfor illustrative purposes only. Various aspects of the present inventionmay be more clearly understood and appreciated from a review of thefollowing detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and byreference to the drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication systemcomprising an interference sensor coupled to an interferencecompensation circuit according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates flex circuits that can comprise an integralinterference sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of an interferencecompensation circuit according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a frequency plot of an interference signal prior tointerference compensation overlaid on a plot of the interference signalfollowing interference compensation according to an exemplary embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a plot of an interference signal prior to applicationof interference compensation according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a plot of an interference signal followingapplication of interference compensation according to an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates an interference compensation circuit that can becoupled to an interference sensor according to an exemplary embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a process for operating aninterference compensation circuit in a plurality of modes according toan exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference tothe above drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarilyto scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating theprinciples of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Moreover,in the drawings, reference numerals designate corresponding, but notnecessarily identical, parts throughout the different views.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present invention supports canceling, correcting, addressing, orcompensating for interference, EMI, or crosstalk associated with one ormore communication paths in a communication system, such as a high-speeddigital data communication system in a portable radio or a cellulartelephone. An interference sensor can obtain a signal representation ora sample of a communication signal that imposes interference or of theinterference. The interference sensor can be integrated into astructure, such as a flex circuit or a circuit board, that supports orcomprises at least one conductor that imposes or receives theinterference. In an exemplary embodiment, the interference sensor can bea dedicated conductor or circuit trace that is near an aggressorconductor, a victim conductor, or an EM field associated with the EMI.The sensor can be coupled to an interference compensation circuit. Theinterference compensation circuit can have at least two modes ofoperation. In the first mode, the circuit can actively generate oroutput a correction signal. In the second mode, the circuit can withholdgenerating or outputting the correction signal, thereby conserving powerand/or avoiding inadvertently degrading the signal-to-noise ratio of theinvolved communication signals.

Turning to discuss each of the drawings presented in FIGS. 1-8, in whichlike numerals indicate like elements, an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention will be described in detail.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, FIG. 1 illustrates a functional blockdiagram of a communication system 100 comprising an interference sensor115, 125 coupled to an interference compensation circuit 130 accordingto an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 illustratesflex cables or flex circuits that can comprise one or both of the databuses 110, 120 illustrated in FIG. 1 and that can be adapted inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention tocomprise an interference sensor. In an exemplary embodiment, a cellulartelephone or some other portable wireless device can comprise thecommunication system 100.

A DSP chip 135 connects to a display 140 and a camera 145 via two databusses 110, 120 or channels. Digital data flowing on the data busses110, 120 causes, induces, and/or is the recipient of interference 150,such as EMI. Beyond the data busses 110, 120, a channel receiving orcausing interference can comprise the display 140, and/or the radiosystem 105. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, thevictim radio system 105 handles communication signals in connection withtransmission over a wireless network.

In an exemplary embodiment, a flex circuit 200, as illustrated in FIG.2, comprise the data busses 110, 120. The flex circuit 200 typicallycomprises a polymer, plastic, or dielectric film that is flexible andfurther comprises conductive circuit traces deposited on or adhering tothe film substrate. Conductors can be laminated between two pliablefilms, for example. The data buses 110, 120 can be embodied in one ormore ribbon cables.

The communication system 100 comprises an interference compensation orcorrecting circuit 130, depicted in the exemplary form of an integratedcircuit 130. The interference compensation circuit 130, described infurther detail below, delivers an interference compensation signal intoor onto a channel that is a recipient of interference, to cancel orotherwise compensate for the received interference. The interferencecompensation signal is derived or produced from a sample of an aggressorcommunication signal that is propagating on another channel, generatingthe crosstalk.

The interference compensation circuit 100 can be coupled between thechannel 110, 120 that generates the interference 150 and the device 105that receives the interference 150. In this configuration, theinterference compensation circuit 130 can sample or receive a portion ofthe signal that is causing the interference and can compose theinterference compensation signal for application to the victim device105 that is impacted by the unwanted interference 150. In other words,the interference compensation circuit 110, 120 can couple to the channel110, 120 that is causing the interference 150, can generate aninterference compensation signal, and can apply the interferencecompensation signal to the recipient 105 of the interference to provideinterference cancellation, compensation, or correction.

A battery, not shown on FIG. 1, typically supplies energy or power tothe interference compensation circuit 130 as well as the othercomponents of the system 100. As an alternative to a battery, a fuelcell or some other portable or small energy source can supply the system100 with electricity. As discussed in more detail below, the system 100and specifically the interference compensation circuit 130 can beoperated in a manner that manages battery drain.

The interference compensation circuit 130 can generate the interferencecompensation signal via a model of the interference effect. The modelcan generate the interference compensation signal in the form of asignal that estimates, approximates, emulates, or resembles theinterference signal. The interference compensation signal can have awaveform or shape that matches the actual interference signal. A settingor adjustment that adjusts the model, such as a set of modelingparameters, can define characteristics of this waveform.

The interference compensation circuit 130 receives the signal that isrepresentative of the aggressor signal (or alternatively of theinterference itself) from a sensor 115, 125 that is adjacent one or bothof the data busses 110, 120. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor 115,125 comprises a conductor, associated with one or both of the data buschannels 110, 120, that is dedicated to obtaining a sample of theaggressor signal. For example, the data bus 110 can have a plurality ofconductors that transmit data between the camera 145 and the DSP chip135 and at least one other conductor that senses, sniffs, or samples theaggressor signal, or an associated EM or EMI field, rather carrying datafor direct receipt. For example, one of the data bus conductors canfunction as a sensor during a time interval when that specific conductoris not conveying purposeful data.

In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor 115, 125 is integrated into acommon structure to which the conductors of the data bus 110, 120 adhereor are attached. For example, the sensor 115, 125 can be attached to aflex cable 200. In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor 115, 125comprises a conductive trace deposited on the flex cable 200. In oneexemplary embodiment, the sensor 115, 125 couples to the communicationsignals propagating on the data bus 110, 120 via the EM field of thosesignals. For example, the coupling can be via induction rather thanthrough a direct contact that could transmit direct current (“DC”)energy or signals below a threshold frequency. Thus, the sensors 115,125 can be isolated from the aggressor channel below a thresholdfrequency and coupled to the aggressor channel above a thresholdfrequency.

The sensor 115, 125 can be formed into or integrated with the flex cable200 at the time that the flex cable 200 is manufactured, for example asa step in a manufacturing process that involves lithography. The flexcable 200 can alternatively be adapted following its manufacture, forexample by adhering the sensor to the flex cable 200. That is, aconventional flex cable can be acquired from a commercial vendor andprocessed to attach the sensor 115, 125 to that cable.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the sensor 115,125 comprises an interference sampler located in close proximity to aninterference source. In another exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, the interference compensation circuit 130 samples itsreference signal from a conductor that is in the vicinity of a victimantenna. In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention,the interference sensor 115, 125 comprises a sampling mechanism embeddedas a lane within the bus path 110, 120 of the interference source. Forexample, the sampling mechanism can comprise an additional conductiveline running parallel to the other data lines in a flex cable, or in arigid printed circuit board. Embedding the sampling mechanism canprovide compact size, design flexibility, modularity, signal integrity,and minimal power draw from the sensed line, which are useful attributesfor a successful sampling mechanism and EMI canceller or interferencecancellation/compensation system.

Embedding or integrating the sensor 115, 125 or sampling mechanism in aunitary, monolithic, or integrated structure that comprises the bus path110, 120 provides close proximity between the sensor 115, 125 and theinterference source or sources. The resulting close proximityfacilitates strong sampling of the interference relative to the radiosignal.

Embedding or integrating the sensor 115, 125 with the bus path 110, 120offers the system designer (and PCB board designer in particular) designflexibility. For example, the design engineer can be freed from theconstraint of allocating board space near the interference source forthe sampling mechanism, as would be required for an antennaimplementation. The system designer can receive relief from the task ofdesigning an antenna according to one or more specific receptionrequirements, such as a field pattern and a frequency range.

An integrated- or embedded-sensor solution based on dedicating aconductor 115, 125 of a multi-conductor bus 110, 120 to sensing can havean inherent capability to receive the EMI interference. The inherentreceptivity can mirror the inherent emission properties of the otherconductors that generate interference. In other words, since emissionand reception are typically congruent phenomena, configuring the sensingconductor to have a form similar to the radiating conductor (aggressor)can provide inherent reception of the EMI frequencies of interest.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the embeddedinterference sensor 115, 125 can run, extend, or span the entire lengthof the data bus 110, 120 that has data lines emitting the aggressingEMI.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an interferencesensing conductor 115 can extend a limited portion of the total span ofthe data bus 110, 120, thereby helping the data bus 110, 120 maintain acompact width. Another exemplary embodiment which can minimize the widthof the data bus has the sampling mechanism 115, 125 crossing over orunder the data lines 110, 120. The crossing can be a perpendicularcrossing. The sensing conductor and the data conductors can form anobtuse angle or an acute angle, for example.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the sensing conductor 115, 125 can be disposedat a terminal end of the data bus 110, 120. For example, the sensingconductor 115 can comprise a conductive line near the electricalconnection ports between the DSP chip 135 and a flex cable 200 thatcomprises the data bus 110. Such a conductor can extend over, under,and/or around the bus, for example as a conductive band.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the embeddedinterference sensor 115 receives EMI interference not only from aprimary element, such as its associated data bus 110, but also fromother sources on the handset, such as the display 140, the camera 145,the DSP 135, etc. Thus, a single sensor 115 can sample multiple sourcesof interference to support correcting the interference from two or moresources via that single sensor and its associated interferencecompensation circuit 130.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the interferencecompensation circuit 130 samples its reference signal (i.e. theaggressor source) from a conducting element 115, 125 that receivesradiated EMI 150. This sampling approach can sense the EMI 150 (or afiltered version thereof), or the aggressor signal in a non-intrusivemanner. Specifically, the aggressor data line/source can remainessentially undisturbed physically. The data bus 110, 120 can functionwith little or no loss of power associated with the sensor 115, 125inductively coupled thereto, typically without physical contact ordirect electrical contact. That is, a dielectric material can separatethe sensing conductor 115, 125 from the aggressor conductor, whileproviding inductive or EM coupling.

After sampling the reference signal, the interference compensationcircuit 130 generates a compensation or cancellation signal which isadjusted in magnitude, phase, and delay such that it cancels asubstantial portion of the interference signal coupled onto the victimantenna. In other words, the reference signal, which comprises thesample, is filtered and processed so it becomes a negative of theinterference signal incurred by the received victim signal. Theparameters of the magnitude, phase, and delay adjustment are variableand can be controlled to optimize-cancellation performance.

Turning now to FIG. 3, this figure illustrates a functional blockdiagram of an interference compensation circuit 130 according to anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. The interferencecompensation circuit 130 shown in FIG. 3 can be embodied in a chipformat as an integrated circuit (“IC”), as illustrated in FIG. 1, or asa hybrid circuit. Alternatively, the interference compensation circuit130 can comprise discrete components mounted on or attached to a circuitboard or similar substrate. Moreover, in one exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention, the system 100 that FIG. 1 illustrates can comprisethe system 300 of FIG. 3.

The interference compensation circuit 130 draws or obtains power orenergy from the power supply 360, and its associated battery 365. Aswill be discussed in further detail below, the interference compensationcircuit 130 can operate in a plurality of modes, each having a differentlevel of consumption of battery energy.

FIG. 3 illustrates representative function blocks of the interferencecompensation circuit 130, including a Variable Phase Adjuster 305, aVariable Gain Amplifier (“VGA”) 310, an emulation filter 315, a VariableDelay Adjuster 320, a Summation Node 325, a power detector, and acontroller 335.

The interference sensor 115 obtains a sample of the aggressor signal viacoupling of the interference field, as discussed above, from thereceiving channel 110. The sampled reference signal is fed through thecompensation circuit 130 starting with the Variable Phase Adjuster 305.The phase adjuster's role is to match, at the summation node 325, thephase of the emulated compensation signal with the phase of theinterfering signal coupled onto the victim antenna 340. That is, thephase adjuster 305 places the phase of the compensation signal in phasewith respect to the phase of the interference so that, when one issubtracted from the other, the compensation signal cancels theinterference. The cancellation occurs at the summation node 325 bysubtracting the coupled signal onto the victim antenna 340 from theemulated signal generated by the interference compensation circuit 130using the sampled reference signal (from the sensor 115).

In an alternative embodiment of the compensation circuit 130, the phaseadjuster 305 can adjust the emulated signal phase to be 180 degree outof phase with the interfering coupled signal. In that case, thesummation node 325 adds the two signals rather than performing asubtraction.

In one exemplary embodiment, the phase shifter 305 comprises quadraturehybrids, and four silicon hyper-abrupt junction varactor diodes, alongwith various resistors, inductors and capacitors for biasing, pull-up,and signal conditioning. In another exemplary embodiment, the phaseshifter 305 comprises an active circuit.

The emulation filter 315 follows the variable phase shifter 305 in thecancellation path. The emulation filter 315 is typically a band pass(“BP”) filter that models the channel coupling and is also tunable inorder to compensate for any drifts in channel center frequency.

In one exemplary embodiment, the emulation filter 325 comprises lumpedelements and varactor diodes. The varactor diodes help change or controlthe center frequency of the emulation channel.

In one exemplary embodiment, the emulation filter 325 is a FiniteImpulse Filter (“FIR”). The FIR can comprise taps and tap spacings thatare extracted from or determined according to the coupling channelcharacteristics. In order to have robust cancellation for improvedsignal integrity of the communication system 100, the emulation filter325 typically should match, in trend, the coupling channelcharacteristics within the frequency band of interest.

The next component in the cancellation path is the controllable delayadjuster 320, whose main role is to provide a match between the groupdelay of the coupled signal through the victim antenna 340 and the groupdelay of the emulated compensation signal at the summation node 325.

The output of the delay adjuster 320 feeds into the VGA 310. The VGA 310matches the emulated signal's amplitude to the amplitude of theinterference signal at the summation node 325. Whereas the emulationfilter 315 models the frequency characteristics (i.e. attenuation offrequencies relative to other frequencies) of the coupling channel, theVGA 310 applies a broadband gain, which is constant in magnitude acrossthe frequency band of interest. Thus, the emulation filter 315 and theVGA 310 function collaboratively to match the magnitude of the channel'scoupling response on an absolute scale, rather than merely a relativescale.

The VGA 310 feeds the interference compensation signal to the summationnode 325. In turn, the summation node 325 applies the compensationsignal to the victim channel to negate, cancel, attenuate, or suppressthe interference.

In one exemplary embodiment, the summation node 325 comprises adirectional coupler. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, thesummation node 325 comprises an active circuit such as a summer, whichis typically a three-terminal device, or an output buffer, which istypically a two-terminal device.

For best performance, the summation node 325 should introduceessentially no mismatch to the victim antenna signal path. That is, thesummation node 325 should ideally maintain the 50-ohm impedancecharacteristic of the system 130. Nevertheless, in some situations,small or controlled levels of impedance mismatch can be tolerated.Avoiding impedance mismatch implies that the summation node 325 shouldhave a high output impedance at the tap. Additionally, the summationnode 325 should not add significant loss to the victim antenna receivepath, as such loss can adversely affect receiver sensitivity. Forillustrative purposes, this discussion of impedance matching referencesa system with a characteristic impedance of 50-ohms; however, exemplaryembodiments of the present invention can be applied to systems withessentially any characteristic impedance.

While FIG. 3 illustrates the components 305, 310, 315, 320 is aparticular order, that order is exemplary and should not be consideredas limiting. Moreover, the order of those components 305, 310, 315, 320is usually not critical and can be changed, or the components 305, 310,315, 320 can be rearranged, while maintaining acceptable performance ofthe interference compensation circuit 130.

The interference compensation circuit 130, which can be viewed as an EMIcanceller, offers flexibility in that the cancellation or compensationparameters can be adjusted or controlled to optimize the match of theemulated coupling channel to the actual EMI coupling channel. Morespecifically, the controller 335 and its associated power detector 330provide a feedback loop for dynamically adjusting the circuit elements305, 310, 315, 320 in a manner that provides robust correction ofinterference.

Two methods for controlling these parameters are described in U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/689,467, entitled “AutomaticGain and Phase Control for an Interference Cancellation Device” andfiled on Jun. 10, 2005 in the name of Kim et al. and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/696,905, entitled “Control Loop forActive Noise Canceller in Wireless Communication System” and filed onJul. 6, 2005 in the name of Schmukler et al. The entire contents of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/689,467 and 60/696,905 arehereby incorporated herein by reference. Thus, an exemplary embodimentof the present invention can comprise any of the technologies,teachings, systems, methods, processes, or disclosures of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/689,467 and 60/696,905.

Referring now to FIG. 7, this figure illustrates an interferencecompensation circuit 700 that can be coupled to an interference sensor115, 125 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.In other words, in one exemplary embodiment, the system 100 illustratedin FIG. 1 and discussed above can comprise the circuit 700 rather thatthe circuit 130. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/696,905, entitled “Control Loop for Active Noise Canceller inWireless Communication System” and filed on Jul. 6, 2005 in the name ofSchmukler et al. provides additional information about the circuit 700to supporting using that circuit 700 in an exemplary embodiment of thepresent. The contents of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/696,905 are hereby included herein by reference.

Turning now to FIG. 4, this figure illustrates a frequency plot 410 ofan interference signal prior to interference compensation overlaid upona plot 420 of the interference signal following interferencecompensation according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention. That is, the graph 400 illustrates laboratory test datacollected before and after an application of interference compensationin accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

More specifically, FIG. 4 shows the coupling channel characteristicsbetween a flex cable, similar to the flex cables 200 illustrated in FIG.2 and discussed above, and a 2.11 gigahertz (“GHz”) antenna. The testdata shows that, in laboratory testing, an exemplary embodiment of aninterference compensation circuit 130 achieved a signal reductiongreater than 25 dB in the frequency band between 2.1 GHz and 2.15 GHz.

Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6, these figures respectively show spectralplots 500, 600 before and after applying interference compensationaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Morespecifically, the traces 520, 620 of these plots 500, 600 illustratedata obtained in laboratory testing of an interference compensationsystem in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

The spectra 520, 620 characterize a 450 megabits-per-second (“Mbps”)(PRBS-31) interfering signal coupled onto a 2.1 GHz antenna that is inclose proximity to a flex cable carrying the 450 Mbps signal. In thefrequency band of interest 510, the compensation achieved approximately12 dB of interference suppression.

Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, the interference compensationcircuit 130 can function or operate in at least two modes. In one mode,the circuit 130 can consume less power than in the other mode. That is,the interference compensation circuit 130 can transition from an activemode of relatively high power usage to an other mode of relatively lowpower usage. The other mode can be a standby mode, a power-saving mode,a passive mode, an idle mode, a sleep mode, or an off mode, to name afew possibilities. In that other mode, the interference compensationcircuit can draw a reduced level of power, minimal power, essentially nopower, or no power at all. Part or all of the interference compensationcircuit illustrated in FIG. 3 and discussed above can be disconnectedfrom power in the other mode. An occurrence of one criterion or multiplecriteria or conditions can trigger a transition from active compensationto a standby mode. Thus, the transition can occur automatically inresponse to an event other than a user turning off an appliance, such asa cell phone, that comprises the circuit 130.

In a handset application, operating the interference compensationcircuit 130 in a power-saving mode can extend the operation time of asingle battery charge, thereby enhancing the commercial attractivenessof the handset. Power reduction can be implemented or achieved withoutdegrading interference compensation performance.

Conditions occur in wireless handset devices that provide an opportunityfor reduced power consumption. In particular, many of the EMI sourcesare not always active and, therefore, are not always emittinginterference. In situations in which the interference compensatingcircuit 130 and its associated controller 335 do not need to apply acompensation signal, the circuit 130 can transition to a sleep orstand-by mode of reduced power consumption. That is, rather than havingone or more circuit elements receiving power while not producing anoutput or actively manipulating signals, power can be removed from thoseelements or from a selected set of circuit elements.

Thus, in one exemplary embodiment of the present patent invention, thesystem 100 experiences states in which operating certain components ofthe interference compensation circuit 130 is unnecessary. In suchstates, the controller 335 can place those components in a low-power orstandby mode or can remove power entirely from those components. Forexample, when an EMI source is not active for a threshold amount oftime, the interference compensation circuit 130 can transition to thestandby mode. More specifically, when the bus 110 is not activelycarrying data traffic, the interference compensation circuit 130 canswitch to the standby mode to conserve battery power.

In one exemplary embodiment, the sensor 115 provides a signal that isindicative of whether the bus 110 is active. That is, the level,voltage, amplitude, or intensity of the signal that the sensor 115output can provide an indication of whether the bus is activelytransmitting aggressor signals.

When appropriate conditions are met, electrical power can be removedfrom the components 305, 310, 315, 320 that generate the emulated EMIsignal. And, power can additionally or optionally be removed from someor all of the circuitry of the control module 335. However, componentsused to store the emulation characteristics or parameters, i.e. theemulation channel settings that match the coupling channel, can be keptactive so as to immediately or quickly restore the interferencecompensation circuit's emulation channel to its last known state whenthe EMI source (e.g. the aggressor channel 110) is reactivated. In otherwords, the memory system of the controller 335 can retain power accessto avoid loss of the parametric values stored in memory. Keeping theparametric values in memory facilitates rapid restoration to activecancellation upon reactivation of the EMI source. Thus, recalling theoperational settings of the phase adjuster 305, the emulation filter315, the delay adjuster 320, and the VGA 310 avoids the interferencethat would occur if the emulation was retrained from an arbitrary resetstate following transition from standby mode to active mode.

Operating in the standby mode can comprise either full powering down oneor more circuit components and/or operating in a state of reduced powerusage. In some instances, the latter may be preferred in order torapidly bring the component out of the standby state when the EMI sourceis reactivated.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a standby signalinstructs or triggers the interference compensation circuit 130 totransition to its power-saving or standby state. The standby signal canalso trigger the transition from the power-saving or standby state to anactive state. A device transmitting the source of the EMI, or anassociated power detector, can generate a signal indicating that it isactively transmitting data. For example, the DSP chip 135 that sendsdata to the display 140 in the mobile phone system 100 can output anbinary signal or code to indicate that it not transmitting data andconsequently emitting EMI.

As another example, the camera imaging sensor 145 that sends data to athe DSP chip 135 can output a binary signal or a digital code toindicate whether or not it is transmitting data that could produce EMI.As yet another example, a radio device that uses time-divisionmultiplexing can provide the triggering standby signal. Such a radiodevice can be used in GSM or wideband code division multiple access(“W-CDMA”) applications, for example. In this situation, the radio mayoutput a binary signal to mark the time divisions or intervals in whichit is transmitting data. During those portions of the duplexing stage,the interference compensation should be active, as the transmittedsignal can aggress a second radio device on a wireless handset.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention a power detector,such as the detector 330, examines the sampled EMI signal and generatesthe standby signal based on properties of the sampled EMI signal. Forexample, a standby state can be set if the detector 330 determines thatpower of the sampled EMI signal is below a given or predeterminedthreshold. Conversely, the interference compensation circuit 130 can beactivated when the detected power moves above the threshold.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the standby statecan be declared if the time-localized peak amplitude of the sampled EMIsignal falls below a given threshold. One advantage of this embodimentis that its implementation does not typically require an extra pin onthe device package to be fed a dedicated standby signal. Instead, thestandby signal could be derived from an available pin already used forEMI cancellation.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, all the components305, 310, 315, 320 of the emulation channel that are used to generatethe emulated EMI signal from the sensor's sampled EMI source signal canbe placed in the low-power standby state. In one exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention, one or more of the following components areplaced in standby mode in response to an occurrence of a standbycondition: the phase adjuster 305, the BP channel emulation filter 315,the delay adjuster 320, and the VGA 310. Reducing power consumption ofthose devices components 305, 310, 315, 320 facilitates significantpower savings when the EMI source is inactive.

The controller 335, which can also be referred to as a control module,can be inactive when the EMI source is inactive. With no source of EMIand an inactive controller 335; interference is not typicallyproblematic. More specifically, no EMI occurs, and the emulation path isproducing a zero emulation signal. In many circumstances, an improvementin interference performance can result from deactivating the emulationpath when no source of EMI is active. If the emulation channel remainsactive when no EMI source is active, the emulation channel parametersmay drift towards a set of values that poorly match the underlying EMIcoupling channel. In this situation, activating the EMI source canresult in poor tuning that causes the interference compensation circuit130 to learn new, more effective parameters. In other words, when theinterference compensation circuit 130 is inactive, an improperly tunedcoupling channel can still produce a zero emulation signal since thesampled EMI source signal will be zero.

In one embodiment of the present invention, all of the components, oressentially all of the active components, of the control module can beplaced in the standby state when the standby signal is asserted, therebyproviding a high level of power savings.

In one exemplary alternative embodiment of the present invention, theregister or memory elements used to store the controllable parameters inthe emulation channel are fully powered, while the rest of the controlmodule 335 is deactivated. This embodiment facilitates rapidly orimmediately returning the emulation channel to its pre-standby statewhen the system exits the standby mode. In other words, once the systemleaves standby mode, the interference compensation circuit 130 canresume cancellation from a previously-known and accurate channel model,rather than starting the cancellation from an arbitrary reset state.Resuming operation of the interference compensation circuit 130 from anarbitrary set of parameters may take an undesirably long period of timeprior to convergence to an accurate channel model. During this learningtime, EMI cancellation performance may be insufficient or inadequate.

Referring now to FIG. 7, the interference compensation circuit 700 canoperate in two or more modes, one of which offers reduced powerconsumption relative to the other. In other words, in one exemplaryembodiment of the present invention, the circuit 700 transitions to apower-saving mode upon occurrence of a trigger event. In that mode,power can be removed from one or more of the power detector 220, theswitching device 230, the sample and hold circuits 240 a and 240 b, andthe comparator 250. The power detector 220 and comparator 250 are twoleading contributors to power consumption, thus disconnecting theirpower supply can achieve significant power savings. The control andtiming circuit 260 typically comprises low-speed digital logic thatconsumes negligible power. Nonetheless, most of this circuit 260 can bedeactivated with the exception of the registers, which store the valuesof the emulation channel 270 parameters.

Turning now to FIG. 8, this figure illustrates a flowchart of a process800 for operating an interference compensation circuit 130 in aplurality of modes in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention. The Process 800, which is entitled OperateInterference Compensation Circuit, can be viewed as a process formanaging power consumption of an interference compensation circuit 130.

At Step 805, a data transmitter, such as the camera 145 or the DSP chip135 issues a standby signal that can comprise a digital code. The codecarries the status of the transmitter, for example whether thetransmitter is actively transmitting data or is in a passive statebetween two time periods of data transmission. In one embodiment, thecode specifies whether the transmitter is preparing to actively transmitdata or to change between operational states.

At Step 810, the controller 335 receives the standby signal anddetermines whether the transmitter is in an active state of transmittingdata or a passive state. Decision Step 815 branches the flow of Process800 to Step 825 if the standby signal indicates that the transmitter isactive. If, on the other hand, the standby signal indicates that thetransmitter is passive, then decision Step 820 follows Step 820.

At decision Step 820, the controller 335 determines whether theinterference compensation circuit 130 is in an active mode or isotherwise in a passive mode. If the interference compensation circuit130 is in an active mode, then Step 830 follows Step 820.

At Step 830, the controller 335 stores the current or presentcompensation parameters in memory and removes power from the emulationchannel components 305, 310, 315, 320. This action places theinterference compensation circuit 130 in a standby or power-saving mode.The stored compensation parameters typically comprise the settings ofeach of the adjustable components 305, 310, 315, 320 of the emulationchannel.

If at decision Step 820, the controller 335 determines that theinterference compensation circuit 130 is in the standby mode rather thanthe active mode, then Step 840 follows Step 820. At Step 840, theinterference compensation circuit 130 remains in the standby mode.

If decision step 815 branches the flow of Process 800 to Step 825 ratherthan Step 820 (based on the standby signal indicating active datatransmission), then at decision Step 825, the controller 335 determineswhether the interference compensation circuit 130 is in active mode orstandby mode.

If the interference compensation circuit 130 is in active mode, thenStep 845 follows Step 825. At Step 845, the interference compensationcircuit 130 remains in active mode.

If the controller 335 determines at decision Step 825 that theinterference compensation circuit 130 is in standby mode rather thanactive mode, then Step 835 follows Step 825. At Step 835, the controller335 recalls the current or last-used compensation parameters from memoryand restores power to the powered-down components. Restoring powertypically comprises initializing each of the adjustable components 305,310, 315, 320 of the emulation channel with the parametric settingsrecalled from memory.

Step 850 follows execution of either of Steps 835 and 845. At Step 850,the interference compensation circuit 130 generates an estimate of theinterference based on processing the aggressor sample, which the sensor115 obtained. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 3, the emulationchannel components 305, 310, 315, 320 process the sample to output theinterference estimate.

At Step 855, the interference compensation circuit 130 applies theinterference estimate to the victim channel to cancel, suppress, orcorrect the interference occurring thereon.

Following execution of any of Steps 830, 840, and 855, Process 800 loopsback to and executes Step 805 as discussed above. Execution of Process800 continues following the loop iteration.

In summary, a system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention can comprise a sensor that obtains a representativeinterference sample or a sample of an interfering signal. A system inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention canalternatively, or also, comprise a circuit that operates in two or moremodes to cancel, correct, or compensate for interference imposed on onecommunication signal by another signal. The system can be applied towireless communication devices, such as cell phones, personal dataassistants (“PDAs”), etc. However, those skilled in the art willappreciate that the present invention is not limited to the describedapplications and that the embodiments discussed herein are illustrativeand not restrictive. Furthermore, it should be understood that variousother alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described heremay be recognized by those skilled in the art upon review of this textand the appended figures. Such embodiments may be employed in practicingthe invention. Thus, the scope of the present invention is intended tobe limited only by the claims below.

1. A method for interference suppression, comprising the steps of:receiving a sample of a communication signal imposing interference on areceiver of a cellular device; providing an interference compensationsignal in response to processing the sample with a model; andsuppressing the interference in response to applying the interferencecompensation signal to the interference, wherein a lane of a data bus ofa flex circuit provides the sample via sensing electromagnetic energycoupling onto the lane from at least one other lane of the data bus. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the lane of the data bus is dedicated tosensing the electromagnetic energy.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe lane comprises a sensor.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein aninterference sensor comprises the lane of the data bus and a lane ofanother data bus.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the data buscomprises a plurality of traces running substantially parallel to oneanother along a surface of the flex circuit, wherein the lane comprisesone of the traces, and wherein the another lane comprises another one ofthe traces.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one of the tracesextends across other traces of the plurality of traces adjacent aterminal end of the data bus.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the oneof the traces crosses other traces of the plurality of traces adjacent adigital signal processing chip.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinelectromagnetic energy coupling onto the lane from the at least oneanother lane comprises electromagnetic energy transmitting across aphysical separation between the lane and the at least one another lane.9. The method of claim 1, wherein the lane provides the sample viasensing the electromagnetic energy coupling onto the lane from the atleast one other lane during a time period when the lane is void ofpurposeful data.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cellular devicecomprises a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a hand-held radio, ahandset, a radio handset, a portable wireless device, a cellulartelephone, or a personal data assistant.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the flex circuit comprises a flex cable.
 12. The method of claim1, wherein the receiver comprises a GSM radio receiver.